Effect of retained placenta and clinical mastitis on reproduction parameters, immune response, and steroidogenic receptors gene expression in postpartum crossbred dairy cows.

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of retained placenta (RP) and clinical mastitis (CM) on the reproductive efficiency of crossbred dairy cows during the postpartum period and the effect in some innate immune system indicators. For this, two experiments were carried out. In the first, a total of 232 cows were evaluated and divided as: healthy control (n = 184), RP (n = 22), and CM (n = 26) groups. The RP and CM was evaluated until 30 days postpartum (DPP) and reproductive rates were measured. In experiment 2, cows were divided in control (n = 10), RP (n = 10), and CM (n = 30) groups. Between 40 and 50 DPP, clinical, gynecological examination and endometrial cytobrush were performed to evaluate subclinical endometritis (SE) and gene expression of interleukins 1ß (IL-1ß) and 6 (IL-6), chemokine ligand 5 (CCL5), estrogen α (ESR1), and progesterone (PGR) receptors by qRT-PCR analysis. In experiment 1, the conception rate at 1st artificial insemination (AI) was lower in RP and CM groups and pregnancy rate at 150 days decreased in CM group. Calving-to-1st AI interval and days open were shorter in healthy cows. In experiment 2, the occurrence of SE was 26.7% and higher in RP and CM groups. The expression of IL-1ß increased in RP and CM groups, while IL-6 was less expressed in RP group. The CCL5, ESR1, and PGR were similar between groups. In conclusion, cows with RP and CM had their reproductive efficiency negatively affected and had they initial pro-inflammatory response improved by the increase of IL-ß.

The Participation of a Malignant Catarrhal Fever Virus and Mycoplasma bovis in the Development of Single and Mixed Infections in Beef and Dairy Cattle With Bovine Respiratory Disease.

The bovine respiratory disease (BRD) complex is a multietiological and multifactorial disease associated with a wide range of viral and bacterial pathogens. This study evaluated the contribution of specific infectious disease agents in the development of BRD in cattle from Brazil and determined if a virus within the malignant catarrhal fever virus (MCFV) group and Mycoplasma bovis, acting individually or in conjunction, can be associated with the development of BRD. Formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded pulmonary sections were used in immunohistochemical assays to determine the intralesional presence of six antigens associated with BRD: bovine alphaherpesvirus 1 (BoHV-1), bovine parainfluenza virus 3 (BPIV-3), bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV), bovine respiratory syncytial virus (BRSV), MCFV, and M. bovis. Pneumonia was diagnosed in 82.7% (120/145) of all cattle evaluated. Interstitial pneumonia (60%, 72/120) and suppurative bronchopneumonia (25.8%, 31/120) were the most frequent patterns of pneumonia identified. Intralesional antigens of MCFV (53.3%, 64/120) were the most frequently associated with BRD, followed by M. bovis (47.5%, 57/120), BVDV (42.5%, 51/120), BoHV-1 (28.3%, 34/120), BRSV (24.2%, 29/120), and BPIV-3 (8.3%, 10/120). Additionally, antigens of BVDV, MCFV, and M. bovis were the most frequently identified agents associated with singular and concomitant infections. The MCFV identified during this study is more likely to be ovine gammaherpesvirus 2 (OvHV-2), since OvHV-2 is the only MCFV identified within the geographical region of this study. Interstitial pneumonia with proliferative vascular lesions may be a useful histologic feature to differentiate MCFV-induced pneumonia from other viral pneumonias of cattle. These results demonstrate that MCFV and M. bovis, in single or mixed infections, can produce pneumonia in cattle and should therefore be considered as primary agents in the development of BRD.

The effect of n- 3 polyunsaturated fatty acid supplementation on immune and reproductive parameters in dairy cows: a review / O efeito da suplementação de ácidos graxos poliinsaturados n-3 sobre os parâmetros imunológicos e reprodutivos em vacas leiteiras: revisão de literatura

In dairy cattle, supplementation with polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) is considered to be an important tool to decrease the negative energy balance of periparturient dairy cows and improve the reproductive and immune systems. The most common PUFAs added to ruminant diets are omega 3 (n-3 PUFA) as linolenic acid and omega 6 (n-6 PUFA) as linoleic acid. This paper aims to review the potential effects of n-3 PUFA. We consider the effects of n-3 PUFA on the bovine immune system, especially on immune cells, and on in vivo and in vitro reproductive parameters, emphasizing how n-3 PUFAs act as modulators through one or more molecular mechanisms. The incorporation of n-3 PUFA in the dairy cow diet has positive effects on animal fertility and immunity. Future research on n-3 PUFA should be more explored concerning reproduction and immune function, starting from the investigation of basic biology to their potential for application in the clinical and preventive medicine fields.(AU)

Em rebanhos leiteiros, a suplementação com ácidos graxos poliinsaturados (PUFAs) é considerada uma ferramenta importante para diminuir o balanço energético negativo de vacas leiteiras durante o periparto e contribuir para a reprodução e sistema imunológico. Os efeitos da suplementação com PUFA sobre estes sistemas têm sido pouco explorados na literatura. Os PUFAs mais comuns na dieta dos ruminantes são Ômega-3 (n-3 PUFA) como ácido linolênico e Ômega-6 (n-6 PUFA) como ácido linoleico. Esta revisão abordará os aspectos gerais do n-3 PUFA, seus efeitos mais relevantes no sistema imune, principalmente seus efeitos nas células imunes, bem como seus efeitos na parte reprodutiva, tanto in vivo como in vitro, enfatizando a ação do n-3 PUFA através de mecanismos moleculares. A incorporação de n-3 PUFAs na dieta de vacas leiteiras exerce efeitos positivos na fertilidade e imunidade. Mais estudos a fim de explorar a função do n-3 PUFA na modulação do sistema imune e parâmetros reprodutivos, desde a investigação da biologia básica até a aplicação a campo de modo clínico e preventivo, devem ser requeridos.(AU)

Gene expression of FOXP3, indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase (IDO), IL10 and CSF1 in the uterus of cows that received an intrauterine infusion of maternal and paternal antigens / Expressão gênica de FOXP3, indoleamina 2,3-dioxigenase (IDO), IL10 e CSF1 em útero de vacas que receberam infusão intrauterina de antígenos paternos e maternos

Sensitization with conceptus antigens has been shown to be useful for improving reproductive performance facilitating maternal acceptance of an allogeneic embryo through the induction of cytokines and immunoregulatory cells in the uterine microenvironment. As FOXP3, IDO, IL10 and CSF1 in the uterus are important on the recognition and development of embryos during early pregnancy, this study aimed to determine whether simultaneous or isolated administration of paternal (semen) and maternal (PBMCs) antigens in the uterus of cow, on the day of estrus, influence the gene expression of these cytokines. Forty crossbred cows were divided into four treatments: T0: Control; T1: Semen; T2: PBMCs (peripheral blood mononuclear cells) from another cow and T3: PBMCs+Semen. Antigens were administered into the uterine body on the estrus day (D0). Uterine biopsies designed for molecular analysis of gene expression were collected in vivo seven (D7) and fourteen (D14) days after immunostimulation. Transcripts from FOXP3, IDO, IL-10 and CSF-1 were detected in all RNA samples extracted from uterine biopsies. The semiquantitative analysis showed that none of the treatments caused significant increase in the expression of these genes. Furthermore, on D14 all treatments led to a decline in the number of CSF-1 transcripts; moreover, treatment with PBMCs+Semen also led to a drop in the abundance of IL-10 transcripts. Such results suggest that isolated or simultaneous administration of both antigens would not increase maternal tolerance to embryo alloantigens, nor would it create favorable conditions to its growth and pre-implantation development, at least regarding the effects mediated by these genes on D7 and D14 of the estrous cycle.

A sensibilização intrauterina com antígenos do concepto tem-se mostrado útil para melhorar o desempenho reprodutivo, facilitando a aceitação materna de um embrião alogênico por meio da indução de citocinas e células imunorreguladoras no microambiente uterino. Como FOXP3, IDO, IL10 e CSF1 no útero são importantes no reconhecimento e desenvolvimento de embriões durante a gestação inicial, este estudo teve como objetivo determinar se a administração simultânea ou isolada de antígenos paterno (sêmen) e materno (PBMCs) no útero de vacas, no dia do estro, influenciam a expressão gênica dessas citocinas. Quarenta vacas mestiças foram divididas em quatro tratamentos: T0: Controle; T1: Sêmen; T2: PBMCs (células mononucleares do sangue periférico) e T3: PBMCs + Sêmen. Os antígenos foram administrados no corpo do útero no dia do estro (D0). Biópsias uterinas projetadas para análise molecular da expressão gênica foram coletadas in vivo sete (D7) e catorze (D14) dias após imunoestimulação. Transcritos de FOXP3, IDO, IL-10 e CSF-1 foram detetados em todas as amostras de RNA extraídas de biópsias uterinas. A análise semiquantitativa mostrou que nenhum dos tratamentos causou um aumento significativo na expressão desses genes. Além disso, no D14, todos os tratamentos levaram a um declínio na quantidade de transcritos do CSF-1; Além disso, o tratamento com PBMCs + sêmen também levou a uma queda na abundância de transcritos de IL-10. Estes resultados sugerem que a administração isolada ou simultânea de ambos os antígenos não deve aumentar a tolerância materna aos aloantígenos do embrião, nem deve criar condições favoráveis ao seu crescimento e desenvolvimento pré-implantação, pelo menos em relação aos efeitos mediados por esses genes nos dia sete e catorze do ciclo estral.

Mycoplasma bovis and viral agents associated with the development of bovine respiratory disease in adult dairy cows.

The etiology and pathologic findings of bovine respiratory disease (BRD) in adult dairy cows (n = 35) from a commercial dairy herd in Southern Brazil were investigated. Pulmonary samples were examined for histopathologic patterns and specific features within these patterns, while immunohistochemical (IHC) assays were designed to detect the intralesional antigens of viral infectious disease agents and Mycoplasma bovis. Pneumonia was diagnosed in 91.4% (32/35) of these cases; neither pneumonia nor any of the infectious disease pathogens evaluated occurred in three cows. The presence of multiple respiratory pathogens in 75% (24/32) of these cases indicated the complex origin of pneumonia in cattle. Interstitial pneumonia, necrosuppurative bronchopneumonia and suppurative bronchopneumonia were the principal patterns of pulmonary disease identified by histopathology. The most frequent pathogens identified by IHC were bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV; n = 18), M. bovis (n = 16) and bovine alphaherpesvirus type 1 (BoHV-1; n = 14), followed by bovine respiratory syncytial virus (BRSV; n = 11) and bovine parainfluenza virus type 3 (BPIV-3; n = 5). Obliterative bronchiolitis and peribronchial lymphocytic cuffings were the characteristic histopathologic features associated with M. bovis. Necrohemorrhagic bronchitis with bronchial angiogenesis was associated with BoHV-1. Necrotizing bronchitis and bronchiolitis were associated with BVDV, BoHV-1 and BRSV. Ballooning degeneration of the bronchial and bronchiolar epithelia was associated with BRSV and BoHV-1. This is the first report from Brazil that correlated the histopathologic findings of BRD with the associated infectious disease agents by immunohistochemistry. M. bovis was frequently detected in the tissues of cows with fatal pulmonary disease during this study and may be a possible primary disease pathogen associated with the development of BRD in dairy cows. Additionally, the histopathologic features identified within patterns of pulmonary disease during this investigation may be an efficient diagnostic tool to associate histopathologic findings with specific agents of BRD in dairy cows.

Prevalence of inflamatory processes in the reproductive tracts of crossbred dairy cows / Prevalência de processos inflamatórios no sistema reprodutivo de vacas leiteiras mestiças

This study evaluated the prevalence of cervicitis and endometritis and their interrelations in crossbred dairy cows that were more than 60 days in milk (DIM), and the efficiency of the cytology technique (cytobrush) and histology as diagnostic methods for these diseases. The reproductive tracts (n=149) derived from cows were collected from a slaughterhouse and grossly evaluated to determine uterine involution and the phase of the estrous cycle. Subsequently, cervical and uterine cytological evaluations were done to characterize the inflammatory response as cervicitis (with a neutrophilic count greater than 5%) or endometritis (with more than 6% neutrophils). Additionally, randomly obtained samples from the cervix and uterus were collected for histological evaluation. Cytological evaluation revealed that the frequency of cervicitis was 6% (9/149), and endometritis was diagnosed in 8.1% (12/149) of the samples; both inflammatory reactions were diagnosed 2.1% (3/149) in three of these. Histological evaluation revealed that of the cows diagnosed with cervicitis by cytology, 66.6% (6/9) had no inflammatory reaction in the cervical mucosa, and 33.3% (3/9) had mild inflammation in this region. Histological evaluation of the uterine horn revealed that of the 12 cows diagnosed with endometritis by cytology, 50% (6/12) of these had a histological diagnosis of mild and moderate inflammatory responses, 8.3% (1/12) of these demonstrated a severe inflammatory response, while no inflammatory reaction was identified in 41.7% (5/12) of the endometrial biopsies evaluated. In conclusion, the endometrial and cervical inflammatory response diagnosed by the cytobrush technique persisted in 12.1% of the cows. Comparatively, the frequency of the inflammatory responses at the cervix and uterus was reduced by histological analysis relative to cytological evaluation with the cytobrush technique.

O objetivo deste estudo foi determinar a prevalência de cervicite e endometrite citológicas e suas inter-relações em vacas leiteiras mestiças com mais de 60 dias pós-parto (DPP), bem como avaliar as técnicas de citologia (cytobrush) e histologia como métodos diagnósticos para estas doenças. Foram utilizados 149 tratos reprodutivos de vacas com mais de 60 DPP de abatedouro e avaliados macroscopicamente para determinar a involução uterina e a fase do ciclo estral. Posteriormente, realizou-se citologia cervical e uterina para o diagnóstico de inflamação utilizando como ponto de corte, contagem de polimorfonucleares (PMN) superior a 5% e 6%, respectivamente, para cervicite e endometrite citológica. Também foram coletadas amostras de cérvix e útero para histologia. Do total de vacas, identificaram-se 6% (9/149) com cervicite e 8,1% (12/149) com endometrite citológica, sendo três destes animais (2,1%) com ambas as inflamações. Histologicamente, dos animais com cervicite citológica, 66,6% (6/9) não apresentaram infiltrado inflamatório na mucosa cervical e 33,3% (3/9) apresentaram inflamação leve. A histologia uterina mostrou que de 12 vacas com endometrite citológica, 50% (6/12) apresentaram infiltrados inflamatórios leves a moderados, 8,3% (1/12) grave e 41,7% (5/12) não tinham Inflamação endometrial. Concluiu-se que a inflamação endometrial e cervical, por meio da técnica de citologia, persistiu em 12,1% das vacas com mais de 60 DPP. Quando se utiliza a histologia como método de diagnóstico, a detecção de inflamação cervical e uterina é inferior ao detectado pela técnica de citologia por meio do esfregaço endometrial (cytobrush).

Bartholin's gland adenoma in a Saanen goat / Adenoma de glândula de Bartholin em cabra da raça Saanen

ABSTRACT: Tumors affecting Bartholin's gland are considered rare in human medicine; there are few reports in the veterinary literature, with descriptions occurring only in cows. This article described the clinical and pathological findings associated with Bartholin's gland adenoma in a goat. Clinically, a 7-year-old pregnant Saanen goat presented bilateral enlargement of the vulva that did not regress spontaneously after parturition. Grossly, these vulvar masses were multilobulated, contained cystic areas from which oozed a whitish fluid. Histopathology revealed an adenoma characterized by the proliferation of irregularly shaped neoplastic epithelial cells that formed tubular to glandular-like structures. These neoplastic cells demonstrated moderate anisokaryosis and evident nucleoli. The intratumoral proliferation index (PI) was estimated by immunoreactivity with the protein ki-67. Further, the glandular-like structures produced a Periodic Acid-Schiff positive secretion. A diagnosis of Bartholin's gland adenoma was established due to the anatomic location of the neoplastic growths, the histopathological features, and the PI of the tumor.

RESUMO: Tumores que afetam a glândula de Bartholin são considerados raros em humanos e há poucos relatos na medicina veterinária, sendo descrito somente em vacas. Este artigo descreve os achados clínicos e patológicos associados ao adenoma na glândula de Bartholin em uma cabra. O animal da raça Saanen, com sete anos de idade e gestante apresentava aumento de volume bilateral na região da vulva, que não regrediu após o parto. Macroscopicamente, a massa era multilobulada, com presença de vários cistos preenchidos por uma secreção esbranquiçada. A histopatologia revelou um adenoma, caracterizado por proliferação de células epiteliais de formato irregular que formavam estruturas tubulares semelhantes à glândulas. Estas células neoplásicas apresentavam anisocariose moderada e nucléolos evidentes. O índice de proliferação celular intratumoral (PI) foi estimado por imunorreatividade à proteína ki-67. Além disso, a secreção produzida por essas estruturas do tipo glandular, foi positiva na coloração do Ácido Periódico-Schiff. O diagnóstico de adenoma da glândula de Bartholin foi estabelecido pela localização anatômica dos tumores neoplásicos, características histopatológicas e à PI do tumor.

Economic losses due to the occurrence of cysticercosis in cattle from cities located in Minas Gerais, Brazil / Perdas econômicas devido à ocorrência de cisticercose em bovinos procedentes de municípios localizados em Minas Gerais, Brasil

ABSTRACT: Cysticercosis represents an important public health problem that can cause significant economic losses to the beef industry. The present study aimed to determine the prevalence rate of cysticercosis in cattle and estimate the economic losses to producers associated with this parasitic disease. Data were collected from the official sanitary inspection service of a slaughterhouse located in the city of Uberlândia, Minas Gerais, southeast Brazil, from 2009 to 2016. A total of 358,383 cattle from 46 cities in Minas Gerais, Brazil, were slaughtered, of which 4,243 were infected with cysticercosis (1.18%). A total of 5,194 cysticerci were detected in these carcasses, of which 4,548 (87.56%) were alive and 646 (12.44%) were calcified. Most of the cysticerci were located in the masseter and pterygoid masticatory muscles (72.41%). As to the classification of cysticercosis according to the degree of infection of organs and/or parts affected, mild infection was the most frequently observed (92.36%). Rural producers had a total of R$ 1,755,204.20 (US$ 537,526.80) of economic losses due to bovine cysticercosis during the time span of eight years covered by this retrospective study. The importance of the sanitary inspection of meat in the control of this major zoonotic diseases is emphasized.

RESUMO: A cisticercose representa um importante problema de saúde pública que pode causar prejuízos econômicos impactantes para a cadeia da carne bovina. Objetivou-se com este estudo determinar a frequência da ocorrência de cisticercose em bovinos e as perdas econômicas aos produtores. Foram coletados dados do serviço de inspeção sanitária oficial de um abatedouro frigorífico de Uberlândia, Estado de Minas Gerais, Brasil, no período de 2009 a 2016. Foram abatidos 358.383 bovinos, provenientes de 46 municípios de Minas Gerais, sendo que destes, 4.243 estavam infectados com cisticercose (1,18%). Foram detectados um total de 5.194 cisticercos, sendo 4.548 (87,56%) vivos e 646 (12,44%) calcificados. A maioria dos cisticercos estava localizada nos músculos mastigatórios masseteres e pterigóides (72,41%). Quanto à classificação da cisticercose, de acordo com o grau de infecção dos órgãos e/ou partes, a infecção discreta foi a que mais ocorreu (92,36%). Verificou-se que os produtores rurais tiveram um total de R$ 1.755.204,20 (US$ 537.526,80) de perdas econômicas durante o período analisado de oito anos devido à ocorrência de cisticercose no rebanho bovino. Destacou-se a importância da inspeção sanitária de carnes, no controle desta importante zoonose.

Bovine respiratory disease complex associated mortality and morbidity rates in feedlot cattle from southeastern Brazil.

INTRODUCTION: A feedlot is an intensive farming system for finishing livestock. Bovine respiratory disease (BRD) is a cause of morbidity and mortality in beef cattle, especially in feedlots. METHODOLOGY: This study investigated the morbidity and mortality of BRD in a beef cattle feedlot in southeastern Brazil using: clinical diagnoses, therapy, morbidity, and mortality. Pulmonary fragments were collected from five steers, on feed from 3-32 days, with lesions of pneumonia for identification of BRD infectious agents PCR. RESULTS: 188,862 steers were on feed and morbidity was 7.05% (13,315/188,862), mortality 0.64% (1,214/188,862). The causes of morbidity were: BRD (6.13%), lameness (0.29%), trauma (0.21%), clostridiosis (0.13%) and polioencephalomalacia, PEM (0.12%). The causes of mortality were: BRD (0.21%), trauma (0.17%), and clostridiosis (0.13%). When all sick cattle were considered (n=13,315), BRD (86.9%) was the principal cause of morbidity, followed by lameness (4.13%), trauma (3.05%), and clostridiosis (1.82%). The cost of BRD-associated cattle mortality and morbidity was estimated at $14,334.00/10,000 and $16,315.40/10,000 respectively. It was projected that the economic effects due to BRD-associated morbidity in Brazil were $6.31 million/annum, while losses due to mortality were $5.54 million, resulting in an annual loss of $11.85 million. Coinfections in cattle with pneumonia due to Mannheimia haemolytica and Pasteurella multocida were identified in 4/5 steers tested. CONCLUSIONS: This is the first longitudinal study that investigated the incidence of BRD in feedlot cattle from Brazil, and the results herein described indicate that BRD contributed significantly to the development of mortality and morbidity of cattle on feed.

Seroepidemiology ofLeishmaniaspp. in equids from Uberlândia, Minas Gerais, Brazil / Soroepidemiologia de Leishmania spp. em equídeos de Uberlândia, Minas Gerais, Brasil

ABSTRACT: This study evaluated the occurrence of Leishmania spp. in equids from Uberlândia, Minas Gerais, Southeastern Brazil. Serum samples from 257 healthy equids of Uberlândia were assessed for the presence of antibodies against Leishmania spp. by using the indirect fluorescent-antibody test. Additionally, an epidemiological survey was done to evaluate the possible risk factors (species of equids, age, gender, economic activity, and contact with domestic and wild animals) associated with the presence of antibodies against Leishmania spp. The total seroprevalence against Leishmania spp. was 24.1% (62/257); representing seroprevalence levels of 22.7% (55/242) in horses, 50% (4/8) in mules, and 42.9% (3/7) in ponies from all regions evaluated. The species of equid was the only factor that contributed to an elevated seroprevalence of Leishmania spp.

RESUMO: O estudo avaliou a ocorrência de Leishmania spp. em equídeos do município de Uberlândia, Minas Gerais, região Sudeste do Brasil. Amostras de soro foram coletadas de 257 equideos clinicamente saudáveis em Uberlândia, para avaliar a presença de anticorpos contra Leishmania spp. pela técnica de reação de imunofluorescência indireta - RIFI. Afora isto, um inquérito epidemiológico foi realizado para avaliar possíveis fatores de risco (espécie, idade, sexo, atividade econômica e contato com animais domésticos e selvagens) associado com a presença de anticorpos contra Leishmania spp. A soroprevalência total contra Leishmania spp. foi 24,1% (62/257), representando 22,7% (55/242) de equinos, 50% (4/8) de mulas e 42,9%(3/7) de pôneis. A variável espécie foi o único fator de risco significativo na soroprevalência da Leishmania spp.

Cryptococcus neoformans var. grubii-Induced Arthritis with Encephalitic Dissemination in a Dog and Review of Published Literature.

This article describes the clinical, pathological, and immunohistochemical findings associated with Cryptococcus neoformans var. grubii in a 4-year-old female Boxer dog from Uberlândia, Minas Gerais, Southeastern Brazil. Clinically, there was a swelling at the right metatarsal region and the hock joint with enlargement of regional lymph nodes. Radiographical evaluation revealed lysis of the tarsal bone; cytology demonstrated cryptococcal intralesional organisms at the swollen joint. Despite empirical antifungals therapeutic, the animal developed neurological cryptococcosis and died spontaneously. Significant pathological alterations included arthritis, lymphadenitis, and encephalitic cryptococcomas associated with numerous intralesional narrow-necked budding encapsulated yeasts. Immunohistochemistry utilising monoclonal antibodies that label C. neoformans sp. complex capsule, characterised the yeasts as C. neoformans var. grubii. Collectively, the pathological and immunohistochemical findings of this dog indicate that the intralesional organisms observed within the articular surface of the hock joint, lymph nodes, and the brain were C. neoformans var. grubii, confirming the participation of this fungal pathogen in the development of cryptococcal arthritis. In this case, the most likely pathogenesis was percutaneous inoculation with resultant abscess-like lesion, which resulted in the draining sinus, swelling of the right hind limb with progression to the articular disease. Thereafter, the fungal pathogen probably compromised the adjacent lymph nodes with subsequent haematogenous distribution to the brain, terminating with cryptococcal arthritis, lymphadenitis, and encephalitis.

Citologia e histologia endometrial em gatas clinicamente saudáveis / Endometrial cytology and histology in clinically healthy cats

Com objetivo de estabelecer valores de referência para a citologia endometrial e avaliar histologicamente o endométrio de gatas clinicamente saudáveis e sem patologias uterinas, foram coletados 22 úteros de gatas que passaram por ovariohisterectomia eletiva. Após avaliação macroscópica dos úteros, coletou-se mostra para citologia endometrial pela técnica de escova endometrial (cytobrush) e fragmento para avaliação histológica. Quanto à apresentação das glândulas endometriais, 31,8% (7/22) das gatas apresentaram lâmina própria com poucas camadas de glândulas tubulares simples, revestidas por epitélio simples cúbico ou cilíndrico baixo, com diâmetro reduzido e sem secreção no seu lúmen. Proliferação glandular com algumas glândulas apresentando conteúdo no lúmen foi observada em 36,4% (8/22) dos animais. Presença de intensa proliferação glandular com glândulas revestidas por epitélio simples pavimentoso, a maioria com atividade secretora, foi observada em 31,8% (7/22) das gatas, sendo que em cinco destas verificou-se aparência cística com pronunciada dilatação glandular. A citologia endometrial, na leitura de 200 células, obteve os seguintes resultados: neutrófilos (10,77 ± 7,51), eosinófilos (1,93 ± 2,67), basófilos (0), linfócitos (6,58 ± 8,49), macrófagos (0,79 ± 2,05) e células de descamação (79,93 ± 11,44). Concluiu-se que em gatas clinicamente saudáveis há maior proporção de leucócitos na citologia endometrial quando comparado com outras espécies, mesmo quando não se evidencia inflamação na avaliação histológica. A colheita de material para citologia endometrial pela técnica de cytobrush apresenta celularidade satisfatória e sem presença de debris celulares em gatas.

This study evaluated the endometrial cytology and histology of clinically healthy cats without any uterine alteration in an attempt to establish reference parameters in dogs. Uteri were collected from 22 cats submitted to elective ovariohysterectomy. All uteri were macroscopically evaluated, after which an endometrial sample was obtained for cytological analysis using the endometrial brush (cytobrush) technique and a tissue fragment routinely processed for histological evaluation. Histological evaluation revealed that the endometrial glands of some 31.8% (7/22) cats consisted of a lamina propria with few layers of simple tubular glands, lined by simple cubical epithelium, with reduced diameter and without luminal secretion. Glandular proliferation with luminal content was observed in 36.4% (8/22) of the animals evaluated. The presence of intense proliferation with glandular glands lined by squamous simple epithelium, most with secretory activity was observed in 31.8% (7/22) of cats; in five of these, there was pronounced cystic glandular dilatation. The endometrial cytology of 200 cells revealed the following results: neutrophils (10.77 ± 7.51), eosinophils (1.93 ± 2.67), basophils (0), lymphocytes (6.58 ± 8.49), monocytes (0.79 ± 2.05), and cell shedding (79.93 ± 11.44). It was concluded that clinically healthy cats have a greater percentage of leukocytes in endometrial cytology when compared with other species, even when there is no evidence of inflammation by histological evaluation. The collection of material for endometrial cytology using the cytobrush technique provides adequate cellularity and without the presence of cellular debris in cats.

Retenção de placenta no proteinograma de vacas Holandesas / Retained placenta on the proteinogram of Holstein cows

Com o objetivo de avaliar a influência da retenção de placenta (RP) no proteinograma de fêmeas bovinas da raça Holandesa, de propriedades comerciais, foram utilizadas 129 vacas com RP e 145 vacas com parto e pós-parto fisiológicos e sem nenhum tratamento no período avaliado. As amostras de sangue foram divididas nos momentos: 1odia pós-parto (DPP), 2o-3o, 4o-5o, 6o-7o, 8o-14o, 15o-29o, 30o-59o e 60o-90o DPP. O fracionamento das proteínas foi realizado por eletroforese em fita de acetato de celulose e em gel de poliacrilamida, contendo dodecil sulfato de sódio (SDS-PAGE), nas quais se avaliou o comportamento de 19 bandas proteicas identificadas pelos respectivos pesos moleculares, que variaram entre 23KDa e 187KDa. Não houve influência da RP na proteína sérica total e gamaglobulinas. A albumina sérica permaneceu abaixo dos valores de referência até os 90DPP nos animais com RP. Concluiu-se que vacas Holandesas com RP apresentam um quadro de normoproteinemia com hipoalbuminemia e aumento das frações alfaglobulinas e betaglobulinas até os 90DPP, presença de resposta inflamatória de fase aguda positiva pelo significativo aumento de haptoglobina, ceruloplasmina, glicoproteína ácida, e de fase aguda negativa pela diminuição de albumina na primeira semana pós-parto.

The aim of this study was to evaluate the influence of retained placenta on the proteinogram of Holstein cows from commercial dairy farms. Blood samples were collected from 129 animals with retained placenta (RP) and 145 animals with normal delivery and postpartum period, without any treatment, on following days: 1 st day in milk (DIM), 2 nd -3 th , 4 th -5 th , 6 th -7 th , 8 th -14 th , 15 th -29 th , 30 th -59 th and 60 th -90 th DIM were analyzed. Protein electrophoresis were performed in acetate cellulose and sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrilamide gel (SDS-PAGE), where 19 protein bands were observed with molecular weights between 23KDa and 187KDa. There was no influence on serum total protein and gamma globulins. Serum albumin remained below the normal reference values up to 90DIM. In conclusion, Holstein cows with RP have normoproteinemia with hypoalbuminemia up to 90DIM, presence of positive acute phase response by increase of haptoglobin, ceruloplasmin, acid glycoprotein, alpha and beta globulins and negative acute phase response by decreased of albumin within the first week postpartum.

Dinâmica da involução uterina no pós-parto de vacas da raça Guzerá / Dynamics of the uterine involution in postpartum guzerá cows

Com o objetivo de avaliar o processo fisiológico da dinâmica de involução uterina em vacas da raça Guzerá, foram acompanhadas 19 vacas adultas no puerpério fisiológico em seis momentos, no parto e 7, 14, 21, 28 e 42 dias pós-parto (dpp), avaliando os parâmetros vitais, escore de condição corporal, exame ginecológico, avaliação ultrassonográfica e características e odor da secreção vaginal. Aos 42 dpp realizou-se a citologia endometrial pela técnica de cytobrush. Observou-se que aos 21 dpp, 100% das vacas apresentavam o útero na cavidade pélvica e tamanho compatível ao do órgão normal. Aos 42 dpp as vacas apresentaram 42,1% de taxa de ciclicidade e não apresentavam endometrite citológica, o menor resultado encontrado na literatura para raças de bovinos de corte.

The objective was to characterize the dynamic of physiological process of uterine involution in Guzerá cows. Nineteen cows were accompanied in physiological postpartum period, in six moments, partum and 7, 14, 21, 28 and 42 days in milk (DIM), which were evaluated the vital parameters, body condition score, gynecological examination, ultrasound assessment and evaluation of characteristics and odor of vaginal discharge. It was also collected samples for endometrial cytology by a cytobrush technique at 42 DIM. It was observed that at 21 DIM, showed 100% of the uterine up in the pelvic cavity, with a size compatible to the normal body. Cows didn't have cytological endometritis at 42 DIM, this data is the smallest found in the literature for breeds of beef cattle, and cows had a rate cyclicality of 42.1% at 42 DIM.

Vaginal leiomyosarcoma in a cow from Uberlândia, Minas Gerais, Brazil / Leiomiossarcoma Vaginal em uma vaca de Uberlândia, Minas Gerais, Brasil

The clinical, pathological, and immunohistochemical findings associated with a vaginal leiomyosarcoma in a 12-year-old, Senepol breed of cow from Uberlândia, Minas Gerais are described. The animal had a large ulcerative neoplastic growth that originated between the base and the left-lateral vaginal wall. Histopathology revealed a tumor formed by muscle-like cells that demonstrated cellular pleomorphism, anisokaryosis, prominent and multiple nucleoli, with rare tumor giant cells. The neoplastic growth invaded adjacent adipose tissue, and contained areas of hemorrhage with discrete accumulations of inflammatory cells. By immunohistochemistry, most neoplastic cells expressed actin, while immunoreactivity to desmin was weakly expressed. These findings support a diagnosis of leiomyosarcoma, and represent the first description of a bovine vaginal leiomyosarcoma from Brazil.

No presente trabalho, foram descritos os achados clínicos, patológicos e imunohistoquímicos de uma vaca da raça Senepol, 12 anos, com leiomiossarcoma vaginal, de Uberlândia, Minas Gerais. O animal apresentou massa ulcerada localizada entre a base e parede lateral-esquerda da vagina. A histopatologia revelou uma neoplasia formada por células fusiformes a arredondadas que demonstraram pleomorfismo celular, anisocariose, nucléolos proeminentes e múltiplos, com raras células gigantes tumorais. O crescimento neoplásico invadiu o tecido adiposo adjacente e continha áreas de hemorragia com discreto acúmulo de células inflamatórias. A maioria das células neoplásicas expressou actina na avaliação imunohistoquímica, enquanto a imunoreatividade para desmina foi fracamente expressa. Os achados suportam o diagnóstico de leiomiossarcoma e representa a primeira descrição de leiomiossarcoma vaginal em bovinos no Brasil.

Variação dos constituintes do eritrograma em vacas holandesas no pós-parto / Erythrogram profile during postpartum period in holstein cows

Com intuito de avaliar a variação dos constituintes do eritrograma em fêmeas bovinas da raça Holandesa no pós-parto, foram colhidas 142 amostras de sangue nos primeiros 90 dias pós-parto. As amostras foram colhidas de vacas clinicamente sadias e não reagentes ao antígeno (GP 51) do vírus da Leucose dos Bovinos, divididas em nove grupos experimentais, de acordo com o momento da colheita. As amostras de sangue foram colhidas em frascos contendo EDTA e realizaram-se as provas: contagem do número de hemácias, determinação do volume globular, dosagem de hemoglobina e o cálculo dos índices hematimétricos (VCM, HCM, CHCM). O eritrograma variou no período pós-parto e estas alterações foram observadas nas primeiras 24h pós-parto. A hemoconcentração observada no parto desapareceu nas primeiras 24 horas de puerpério. Os valores oscilaram entre: hemácias, 5,08 ± 0,60 e 6,11 ± 0,72 hemácias /µL; taxa de hemoglobina, 9,85 ± 1,16 e 11,46 ± 1,40 g/dL; volume globular, 27,9 ± 3,3 e 31,9 ± 3,6 %; VCM, 50,10 ± 5,90 e 55,27 ± 6,88 fL; HCM, 18,19 ± 1,63 e 19,50 ± 2,76 pg; CHCM, 34,83 ± 2,07 e 36,88 ± 1,67 %. Os constituintes do eritrograma permaneceram dentro dos limites de referência das raças de bovinos criadas no Estado de São Paulo.

With the intention to evaluate the erythrogram profile during postpartum period in Holstein cows, 142 blood samples were collected from cows during the first 90 days after parturition. Blood samples were collected from clinically healthy cows that were non-reactive to the antigen of bovine leukosis virus (GP 51). These animals were divided into nine experimental groups based on the time of the postpartum sample collection. The blood samples were collected with EDTA and submitted to the following tests: erythrocyte counts, packed cell volume, hemoglobin concentration and calculated blood indices (MCV, MCH, MCHC). There was influence of the postpartum period on the erythrogram. These alterations were observed during the first 24 h after parturition. The hemoconcentration observed during the parturition disappeared during the first 24h of postpartum. Variation of the values were observed: red blood, 5.08 ± 0.60 and 6.11 ± 0.72 cells /µL; hemoglobin concentration, 9.85 ± 1.6 and 11.46 ± 1,40 g/dL; packed cell volume, 27.9 ± 3.3 and 31.9 ± 3.6 %; MVC, 50.10 ± 5.90 and 55.27 ± 6.88 fL; MHC, 18.19 ± 1.63 and 19.50 ± 2.76 pg; MCHC, 34.83 ± 2.07 and 36.88 ± 1.67 %. The values of the hematological components obtained in this study did not exceed the limits of the reference values, obtained from cows raised within the state of São Paulo.

Enzootic bovine leucosis ­ a case report / Leucose enzoótica bovina ­ relato de caso

Enzootic bovine leucosis is an infectious disease of cattle caused by the bovine leukemia virus that results in lymphoma within target tissues. Cattle might demonstrate four clinicopathological age-related manifestations of the disease: juvenile, adult, thymic, and cutaneous form. This article describes the unusual manifestation of this disease in a 4-yr-old cow. Regional lymph nodes were enlarged during clinical examination. Peripheral and internal lymph nodes, as well as the vagina, uterus, spleen, liver, heart, thoracic vertebrae, eye and the thoracic and abdominal cavities demonstrated lymphoma at necropsy. Bovine enzootic leucosis was confirmed by histopathology and agar gel immunodifusion.

A leucose enzoótica bovina é uma doença infecciosa de bovinos causada pelo vírus da leucemia bovina que produz linfoma em tecidos alvos. Bovinos podem demonstrar quatro manifestações clínico-patológicas da doença relacionadas à idade: forma juvenil, adulta, tímica e cutânea. Esse artigo descreve a manifestação incomum dessa doença em uma vaca de quatro anos de idade. Os linfonodos regionais apresentaram-se aumentados no exame clínico. Linfoma foi observado nos linfonodos periféricos e internos bem como na vagina, útero, baço, fígado, coração, vértebras torácicas, olho e nas cavidades torácica e abdominal durante a necropsia. A leucose enzoótica bovina foi confirmada na histopatologia e pela imunodifusão em gel de ágar.

Avaliação clínica da involução uterina em ovelhas da raça Santa Inês / The clinical evaluation of uterine involution in Santa Inês sheep

Com o objetivo de avaliar características clínicas da involução uterina, em ovelhas da raça Santa Inês, foram acompanhados 12 animais da Fazenda Experimental da Universidade Federal de Uberlândia, com duas ou mais parições, sem ocorrência de distocia e consequente tratamento. Realizou-se o exame clinico, exame ginecológico e avaliação da secreção vaginal. Os animais foram examinados no dia do parto e aos dois, quatro, sete, 14, 21 e 28 dias pósparto (dpp). Todos os parâmetros vitais permaneceram nos padrões normais. Aos 28 dpp as ovelhas apresentaram no exame ultrassonográfico diâmetro de corpo uterino entre 20 e 40mm, com média de 28,3 ± 6,55 mm. A secreção vaginal esteve presente durante todos os momentos observados, sendo que apenas aos 28 dpp a maioria das ovelhas apresentaram muco limpo. Observou-se secreção muco-sanguinolenta apenas em ovelhas no 2o dpp (22%) e 4o dpp (9%). Durante a evolução do puerpério foi identificado secreção de coloração achocolatada no muco até os 28 dpp. A presença de secreção muco-purulenta diminuiu gradativamente de 33%, 36%, 18% e 8% aos dois, quatro, sete e 14 dpp, respectivamente, desaparecendo nos dias subseqüentes. Concluiu-se que existem características particulares referentes à involução uterina em ovelhas da raça Santa Inês.

Biópsia hepática por laparotomia paracostal em bovinos e búfalos / Paracostal liver biopsy in cattle and buffalo

A técnica de biópsia hepática em ruminantes tem importante valor no diagnóstico clínico de doenças tóxicas e metabólicas, em especial nos desequilíbrios minerais. As técnicas mais comumente utilizadas restringem análises devido ao limitado volume de tecido obtido. No presente trabalho, avaliou-se o uso de uma técnica de biópsia hepática por laparotomia paracostal em bovinos e búfalos. Foram utilizados 10 bovinos e 10 búfalos hígidos. Os animais foram mantidos em estação, sedados com xilazina e infiltrados localmente com lidocaína e epinefrina. O acesso à cavidade abdominal foi realizado por meio de uma incisão dorso-ventral de 15cm no flanco direito, iniciada ventralmente (cerca de 4-5cm) ao processo transverso da 2a ou 3a vértebra lombar e situada caudalmente (cerca de 4cm) e paralelamente à 13a costela, obtendo-se visualização do fígado. Foi então realizado pinçamento do bordo caudal do órgão com pinça Doyen para remoção de fragmento hepático (2 a 4g). Procedeu-se o fechamento da cavidade abdominal como de rotina. Foram analisados os parâmetros bioquímicos e hematológicos antes do procedimento (tempo zero) e após 24 horas, 48 horas, 5 dias e 10 dias após a biópsia. Todas as variáveis bioquímicas estudadas retornaram aos valores basais 5 e 10 dias após o procedimento nos bovinos e búfalos, respectivamente. O tempo médio de cirurgia por animal foi de 25 minutos. A biópsia hepática por laparotomia paracostal demonstrou ser uma técnica eficaz e de baixo risco à saúde dos animais, permitindo a coleta de suficiente quantidade de tecido hepática para realização de múltiplas análises.

Liver biopsy in ruminants is an important technique for clinical diagnosis of toxic and metabolic diseases, especially mineral disorders. The most frequent procedures used so far results in an small amount of liver and not enough for multiple tests. The present study aims to evaluate the efficacy of paracostal laparotomy liver biopsy technique in cattle and buffalo and to follow possible changes on biochemical and hematological profiles caused by the surgery. Ten cattle and ten buffalo were used in this study. The animals were kept on their normal position and sedated with xilazin and locally infiltrated with lidocain and epinefrin. The access to abdominal cavity was carried through a right paracoastal laparotomy, ventrally to the transverse process of 2nd or 3rd lombar vertebra. A small portion of the hepatic caudal lobe (2 to 4g) was clinched by a Doyen clamp and removed. The abdominal cavity was closed as normally routine. Blood samples were taken to biochemical tests and hemogram before the procedure, and 24h, 48h, 5 and 10 days later. The technique was practical and easy to be performed (took approximately 25 minutes). The technique described here was efficient and offers low risk to animal health and provided enough amount of liver tissue for multiple tests.

Euritrematose bovina / Bovine eurytrematosis

Nesta revisão de literatura sobre os trematódeos do gênero Eurytrema (LOOSS, 1907), pertencentes àfamília Dicrocoeliidae (ODHNER, 1910), são abordados aspectos como: espécies, morfologia, hospedeiros,distribuição geográfica, patogenia e patologia, diagnóstico, tratamento e controle terapêutico.

In this review about the trematoda of genre Eurytrema (LOOSS, 1907) that belong to Dicrocoeliidaefamily (ODHNER, 1910), aspects as species, morphology, host, geographic distribution, pathogenesisand pathology, diagnosis and therapeutic control are boarded